Infrared (IR) WAVES

The IR, or infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than microwaves and terahertz radiation from the visible light but long. Infrared technology, which means that down the name adopted in Latin and consist of infra red English word meaning red and comes with the six-meaning red. Color red is the longest wavelength of visible light. The wavelength of the infrared radiation between 750 nano meters and 1 micrometer. In the normal human body temperature is around 10 micrometers made radiation.

Objects emit infrared radiation in wide spectra, but only because they can detect sensors for specific bandwidths are usually referred to the specific infrared bands. Therefore infrared band is divided into smaller subbands.

International Commission on Illumination (CIE) separating infrared radiation has 

proposed the following tape. 

IR-A: 700 nm-1400 nm

IR-B: 1400 nm to 3000 nm

IR-C: 3000 nm-1 mm

A partitioning format commonly used are as follows:

Near-infrared (NIR, IR-A DIN): 0.75-1.4 .mu.M between wavelengths. Because of the low amount of losses it is generally used in fiber optic communications. Night vision equipment is generally used at those wavelengths.

Redwell heats only the walls unlike conventional heaters warm the air. Walls are stored much longer than air and gives back slowly to room temperature environments. Therefore, it becomes impossible to disperse the walls and moisture stay dry. Another advantage is that the airflow does not pass to the movement of the powder is.

How to works Radio Waves

Radio waves music, speech,  and information may submit a seamless air millions of kilometers away, the thousands every day is a different way. Even if radio waves are invisible and cannot be touched by people, it has completely changed the history of humanity. Today, mobile phone, wireless phone and uses radio waves to communicate all of them if we are talking about thousands of wireless technologies such as these.
The few examples we use in daily life using radio waves are as follows:
• AM and FM radio broadcast
• Cordless home phones
• Wireless networks (the Internet)
• Remote-controlled toys
• Mobile Phones
• GPS receivers
• Satellite communications
The list goes on ... Although the radar and microwave ovens can barely stand to radio waves was unthinkable without NEVİGASYON and communications satellites and radio waves. Modern aviation and aircraft are using the dozens of different radio systems. The current fashion of today is wireless internet, which means it would be more convenient in the future.



Today all radio uses the sine waves to transmit data. The reason is the use of sine waves of many different people want to use radio waves and devices simultaneously. If there was a way to see the radio waves, you would see thousands of them in the form of sine wave is different. We have around your TV, radio, police-firefighters, satellite, mobile phone, radio wave devices such as GPS. Each has a different sine wave frequency of the radio waves, these waves determines how it spreads.
Any radio consists of two main parts:
1) Transmitter
2) Buyers

Transmitting any data (sound, pictures, etc.) Takes a message and converts the sine wave, respectively, by encoding it later if it transmits radio waves. The receiver receives and decrypts code that radio waves as a sine wave. It uses both the receiver and transmitter antennas to radiate and receive radio waves.

Radio Transmitter

Transmitters, generating high-frequency electromagnetic waves to be sent by way of the energy transmitted by the antenna are electronic devices. They are made in a variety of types according to their use of power and purpose. The main task of the transmitting antenna to provide power at a certain frequency, and to transmit information with the help of electromagnetic waves generated in this way. First time donors only could send high-frequency energy at a fixed frequency. Such transmitting continuous wave (CW Continuous wave) is called transmitters. With these information transmission is only possible in coded (such as Morse code)

Recently requested information (especially speech, music and video) of a carrier wave (Carrier Wave) is sent superimposed. This process is called modulation and such waves modulated continuous wave. MCW (Continious Wave Modulated) transmitter are divided into two main categories according to the modulation method.

1. Amplitude (Amplitude) modulated transmitters:

Double yanbantl full-makers carrier (DSB-Double side band).

Double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC = Double Side Band - Supressed Carrier)

2 Yanbantl single transmitter (SSB-Single Side Band)

Single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC = Single Side Band - Supressed Carrier)

Angle-modulated transmitters:

Frequency modulation transmitters (FM-freguency Modulation).

Phase modulation transmitters (AM-phase modulation).

Generally, three types of transmitters used in practice. These are:

AM transmitters.

FM transmitters.

SSB transmitters.

The simplest one AM transmitter consists of four main sections.

Oscillators solid.

Solid buffer (Buffer).

High Frequency (RF) power amplifier.

Modulator floor (this floor is not available in the CW transmitter).

Oscillator: This is the most important part of the transmitter. Radio Frequency (greater than 100 kHz) produces energy. The frequency of the energy generated must remain within certain limits here. Otherwise it cannot be monitored.

Modulator and audio frequency stage: the electrical signal obtained from the microphone is too small. Audio-frequency amplifier (solid) raises its desired level. The modulator is also an adaptive layer that transmits sound signals to the power stage. The power stage according to the intensity of the sound by influencing the frequency amplitude gain (amplitude) performs modulation.

A simple FM transmitter consists of the following layers:

Audio frequency amplifier and reactance modulator solid. (Reactance: Coil or alternating current resistance of the capacitor.)

Oscillators solid.

Solid bumper and the driver.

RF power amplifier solid.

Solid buffer (Buffer): Buffer solid, solid insulates power from the oscillator. Thus oscillator provides more stable work. If desired this layer may also remove two or three times the frequency of the oscillator, the frequency multiplier is called.

RF power level: This layer feeds in the desired signal power to the antenna; information from a modulator is superimposed on a carrier wherein the oscillator

The audio frequency amplifier and the reactance modulator: the signal from the microphone is applied to the reactance modulator raised to the desired level. Reactance modulator, the oscillator circuit capacitive or inductive reactance of the coil or remove it added. Thus, according to the intensity of sound frequencies by changing the oscillator frequency FM (Frequency Modulation) is provided.

Oscillator: generates radio-frequency energy within certain limits. (As standard FM radio channel is from the 85-108 MHz)

Buffer and driver: wherein the replication process is performed if both the frequency and the desired sealing action.

RF power amplifier: Frequency modulated signals from the antenna until the level rises will spread on the floor.

Transistor Radios

The first civilian transistor radio, called Regency TR-1, by the Association of Indianapolis City Industrial Development engineer Regency Indiana Department of Development, in November 1954 into the market. The price was $ 49.95 (equivalent to $ 361 in 2005), it has sold about 150,000. On the US market, the transistor radio until the early 1960s did drop below $ 20; later, "Made in Hong Kong" the influx of the United States to further reduce the price to $ 10 or less.
Amplifying transistor radio unit using a transistor instead of a tube, and thus more compact than tube radio, and more power. 1950 typical portable (tube) radio the size of a lunch box, built a number of large batteries: one or more A-type cell is responsible for heating the tube filaments, the remaining 45-90 volt "B" batteries to other circuitry. And a transistor radio can fit into a pocket, the weight but 250 g, 9V battery or a battery-powered single flashlight. (Now common ground 9V battery especially for power transistor radios)
Transistor radio is the existing number of communication devices simple. According to estimates, at least the existing 7,000,000,000 station in the world, almost all of them can listen to ordinary wave programs, and listen to FM programming models percentage is also growing rapidly. Some also listen to shortwave broadcasts. Most battery power. Because they use advanced electronic technology to millions of originals onto a single integrated circuit or chip becomes very small and cheap. Affix "transistor" It basically refers to the old small radio, also refers to a number of small radio, but the concept itself is no longer used today, because in essence, whether the radio is not pocket are based transistor.

Solar System of Energy

Solar power system is divided into off-grid power systems, and power generation systems and distributed power generation system.

Grid power system consists of solar modules, controllers, batteries composition, such as the output power to 220V AC or 110V, also need to configure inverter.

Power generation systems is directly connected to the public grid after the direct current generated by the solar module and inverter pass into alternating current mains in line with requirements. And power generation systems have centralized large-scale power stations and networks are generally national power plants, the main feature is the power can be directly delivered to the grid by grid unified allocation of power to the user. However, this power plant investment, long construction period, large area, yet there is not much development. The small and decentralized power generation systems, especially BIPV power system, due to the small investment, the construction of fast, small footprint, forceful policy support, etc., is the mainstream of the grid.

Generation systems distributed, also known as distributed generation or distributed energy supply, refers to the user on-site or near-site configuration of smaller photovoltaic electric power generation and distribution systems to meet specific user needs, support the existing distribution network economic performance, or satisfies both requirements.

The basic equipment of distributed PV systems include photovoltaic modules, photovoltaic array bracket, DC combiner box, DC power distribution cabinet, and inverter, AC power distribution cabinets and other equipment, in addition to the power supply system monitoring and control, and environmental monitoring devices. Its mode of operation is in the presence of solar radiation conditions, solar module array photovoltaic systems convert solar energy to electrical energy output through the DC combiner box centralized into the DC power distribution cabinet, the inverse grid inverter into AC supply building their own load, excess or shortage of electricity through the grid connection to adjust.

Computer Hardware

The history of computer hardware can be classified into four generations, each characterized by significant technological change. A first boundary could be made between basic hardware it is strictly necessary for the normal operation of the equipment, and complementary, which performs specific functions.

1st Generation (1945-1956) implemented electronic vacuum tube. They were the first machines that displaced the electromechanical components (relays).

2nd Generation (1957-1963) developed electronic transistor. The discrete logic was very similar to the previous one, but the implementation was much smaller, reducing, among other factors, the size of a computer in remarkable scale.

3rd Generation (1964-present): based electronics ICs. This technology allowed integrates hundreds of transistors and other electronic components into a single integrated printed on a silicon wafer circuit. Computers thus considerably reduced cost, power consumption and size, increasing its capacity, speed and reliability, to produce machines such as exist at present.

4th generation (future): Probably it will originate when silicon circuits, high scale integrated, to be replaced by a new type of material or technology.
Another technological breakthrough often used to define the start of the fourth generation is the emergence of integrated circuits VLSI (very large scale integration), in the early eighties. Like the microprocessor, it did not mean the immediate change and the rapid disappearance of computers based on integrated circuits at lower scales of integration. Many implemented with VLSI technologies and MSI (medium scale integration) teams still successfully coexisted well into the 90s.

The Computer

A computer is made physically by numerous integrated circuits and many other components of support, extension and accessories, which together can perform various tasks with great speed and under the control of a program.

They constitute two essential parts, the hardware, which is its physical composition (electronics, cables, cabinet, keyboard, etc.) and its software, which is the intangible part (programs, data, information, etc.). One does not work without the othe

From a functional point of view is a machine that has at least a central processing unit, a main memory and a peripheral or input device and an output. Input devices allow data entry, the CPU is responsible for processing (arimético-logical operations) and output devices communicate them to other media. Thus, the computer receives data, processes it and outputs the resulting information, which can then be interpreted, stored, transmitted to another machine or device or simply printed; all at the discretion of an operator or user and under the control of a program.

That is programmable, allows you to perform a variety of tasks, this makes it a general-purpose machine (unlike, for example, a calculator whose only purpose is to calculate limitedly). Thus, based on input data, you can perform operations and troubleshooting in the most diverse areas of human activity (administrative, scientific, design, engineering, medicine, communications, music, etc.), including many issues that directly They would not be solvable or possible without your intervention.
Basically, the ability of a computer depends on its hardware components, while the variety of tasks lies mostly run software that supports and contains installed.

While this machine can be of two different analog or digital types, the first type is used to few and very specific purposes; the most widespread, used and known is the digital computer (general purpose); so that (even popular) Generally speaking, when talking about "the computer" is referring to digital computer. They are of mixed architecture, called hybrid computers, they also still special purpose.